Buddhism questions

1. The name of the man who later became the Buddha was named Siddhartha Gautama.

2. The four passing sights that the Buddha experienced were an old man, a diseased man, a dead man, and an ascetic. These 4 passing sights played a role in Buddhism because they somewhat established Buddhism.
3. The Middle Way doctrine came from a guy tuning his guitar and he said if he does it too tight the strings will break and if he does it to loose it wont work so he said he needs to keep it in the Middle and that way everything will work.
4. Gautama gained enlightenment when he saw the four passing sights and realized that there is a world outside of his nice royal palace and he left the prince hood to live like others.
5. The Sangha is the common people that followed the Buddha and his teachings. It consisted of men and women from many different walks of life.
6. The 3 different jewels of Buddhism are Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha
7. The similar features with Buddhist cosmology and Hinduism is that Both believe in samsara, the wheel of rebirth, this make Buddhism and Hinduism both believe in a cyclical system.
8. The Buddha's reaction was disagreement, he didnt agree with the thought of just men participating in rituals.

9. The 3 Marks of Existence are Anatta, Anicca, Dukkha
10. Anatta is the doctrine that the same self is reborn. This relates to Hinduism's belief of Atman because both involve inner self
11. In Buddhist doctrine energy is transfered during rebirth. Karma affects the status one is reborn to.
12. Do not take life, do not take what is not given, do not engage in sensuous misconduct, do not use false speech, do not drink intoxicants. For monks and nuns: Do not eat after noon, do not watch dancing or shows, do not use garlands, do not use a high or soft bed, do not accept gold or silver.

13. Dukkha translates to suffering I think of it as a downfall or a person having to deal with things they dont normally are associated with.

14. Tanha is the second of the 4 noble truths.

15. The Eightfold Path is

right views

right intentions

right speech

right conduct

right livelihood

right efforts

right mindfulness

right meditation

16. The Buddha is different from from all others who have been enlightened because he became enlightened while still alive.

17. Arhat is translated as "worthy one" and it is a title used to describe the living enlightened. Arhats are compassionate.

18. Nirvana literally means enlightenment and this tells people that once they have reached nirvana they have completed everything and know all.

19. The three divisoons of Buddhism are Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana

20. The main focus of Theravada Buddhism is the teachings of the Buddha and his words.

21. Mahayana is translated to the Great Vehicle and this shows that this doctrine focuses on Buddhism as a whole.

22. Vajrayana fights fire with fire by giving the teachings back and going against what others say.

23. The Dalai Lama is the head of the hierarchy of Buddhism. Each Dalai Lama is chosen by people who search for his reincarnation.
24. Theravada- Sri Lanka, Mahayana- India, Vajrayana- China

Introduction to Buddhism

Sidhartha Gautama was Buddha's original name. He was born into a rich family over two thousand years ago. As he was growing up he was very advantaged. Sidhartha realized that life included various struggles  The main struggles he recognized were old age, sickness, and death. He spent a long time trying to figure out why these harsh things happened. He had a huge question on the meaning of life. He left his family, his palace and all of his material things behind, while he tried to find the meaning of life. He became a wandering ascetic. The word Buddha means one who is awake. Buddha was never considered a God or someone to be worshiped. He was simply considered a enlightened human being. 

Three Jewels

The Three Jewels is also known as the Three Treasures. There is a yellow jewel, a blue jewel, and a red jewel. The yellow jewel is the Buddha. The blue Jewel is the Dharma, and the red Jewel is the Sangha. In order to be a Buddhist these jewels have to be the center principles of your life. 

Threefold way

The Threefold Way is another path to Buddhism. It includes ethics, meditation, and wisdom. Ethics is supposed to clear your conscience and meditation is supposed to clear the way for wisdom to develop. 

4 Noble Truths

The 4 noble truths are believed to be given by the Buddha. The first noble truth is the dukka. The second noble truth is the origin of the dukka. The third noble truth is the cessation of the dukka. The fourth noble truth is the path that leads to the cessation of the dukka. 

Noble Eightfold path. 

The noble Eightfold path is a further understanding of the threefold way. The first is the Right Understanding or Perfect Vision. The second is the Right Resolve or Perfect Emotion. The third is the Right Speech or Perfect Speech. The fourth is the Right Action or Perfect Action. The fifth is the Right Livelihood or Perfect Livelihood. The sixth is the Right Effort or Perfect Effort. The seventh is the Right Mindfulness or Perfect Awareness. The sixth is the ​Right Meditation or Perfect Samadhi.

Hinduism

1. Moksha is the Hindu term for liberation. It is the release of the self from the bondage of samsara; it's salvation in Hinduism and one of the four goals of life
2. The doctrine that says that reality is on is monism. The analogy that is used to understand it is with rivers ponds lakes and oceans.
3. Brahman is the essence of all things. Atman is the eternal self that is identified with Brahman in the Upanishads
4. The many deities serve to represent and extend from the one ultimate reality. The main function is to renounce the reincarnation.
5. Samsara is the wheel of reincarnation where rebirth occurs and keeps going until one reaches complete moksha
6. Bhagavad-Gita
7. Karma is the moral law and the cause and effect of actions and also determines how one is reincarnated. Dharma is the duty in each caste; one of the four goals of life.
8. Brahmin- priests
    Kshatriyas- warriors and government officials
    Vaishyas- producers like merchants, farmers
    Shudras- servants and laborers
9. It is part of his dharma as a Kshatriya
10. 1. Time of puberty
      2. Householder- pursuing a career and raising a family
      3. Birth of 1st grandchild
      4. Wandering Ascetic
11. Sensual pleasure- pursuit of love
      Material success- pursuit of artha or social prestige
      Harmony with dharma- to be fulfilled in ethical duties
      Bliss of moksha- perfect dharma or infinite being
12. -Path of Works- those who engage in day to day tasks of earning a living and raising a family
      -Path of knowledge- talent for philosophical reflection
      -Path of devotion- those whom emotional attachment comes naturally
13. -Vedanta- all reality is essentially Brahman
      -Sankhya- reality consists of matter and eternal selves
      -Yoga- free the eternal self from the bondage of personhood
14. Shiva, Vishnu and Brama
15. An incarnation of a deity sent to earth to accomplish a divine purpose. Two avatars are Krishna and Rama
16.  The Bhagavad-Gita
17. Household and village rituals, holy places, and cow veneration
18. He gained Indian independence from Britain and used civil disobedience against Indian oppression. He is revered to as a religious figure
19. Discrimination of castes were outlawed. It tried to promote economic and social rights for all people
20. The act of a widow killing herself and burning over her husband's dead body. This act is forbidden today
21. The Muslims forced the partitioning of India to form the divided Pakistan so that the Muslims may have a homeland. This turned into a bloody mess when crossing the borders on both sides

Primal Religions Questions

1. Different religions are called to be primal, because they existed before the formal religions. Primal religions have all of the basic features that all the other religions have. They are traditionally for non-literate people and are used with small amounts of people.

2. The Ancestors made forms of life and created the first humans, placing them into tribes and giving them certain languages and rules.

3. The spiritual essence of Ancestors is found within symbols that they left after they were gone.

4. A totem can symbolize a group and gives special significance to the religious group or an individual. Taboo is the prohibition of behaviors for fear of contact with spiritual powers in a dangerous manner.

5. The Aborigines rituals are essential in life, because its only through certain rituals where dreaming can be seen.

6. Rituals come from the Ancestors that created and formed the world while dreaming. Each ritual is a display of a myth of certain actions that happened during dreaming

7. Initiation rituals awaken the youth to spiritual things and give more identity to the tribe.

8. Two acts that come along with Dieri initiation ritual death are the two lower middle teeth are knocked out of the mouth and later buried in the ground and then they are circumcised.

9. The Yoruba live in western regions of Africa.

10. The Yoruba religion believe in the center of life, because they believe that the god first began in order to create the world in life.

11. Yoruba cosmological view of the world shows life being separated into two different worlds which is known as heaven and earth. Humans come from the gods.

12. Olorun is the ultimate god of Yoruba religion and is the original place where all power comes from.

13. Orishas are lower than the supreme Olorun but they can harm and help people depending on how a ritual is seen. Orishas are seen as a facilitator between Olorun and humans.

14. An Orisha and Yoruba believed that he created the earth. Another is Ogun who is the god of war.

15. A trickster figure is a supernatural being who tends to disrupt the normal course set of life.

16. Family ancestors gained supernatural recognition by earning a good reputation and living to an old age. Ancestors were usually worshipped by their own family.

17. Ritual practitioners are to mediate between the gods and ancestors in heaven and humans on earth.

18. Divination is the use of techniques for gaining knowledge about ones future or about the problem. Divination is important because knowing ones future is used to know how to go on with life.

19. Humans came from North America 20,000 years ago by migration from Asia to the Bering Strait.

20. Religions of the Indians is interest with native people, because religion represents Native American religion.

21. Wakan Tanka is the name for reality and is another word for sacred.

22. Inktomi is a spider. The Lakota trickster figure taught first people customs and ways of life.

23. The Lakota people believed strongly that when one person would die, one of the four souls goes on a journey along the Milky Way. The soul is then judged and it tells whether it will be an ancestor or a ghost on earth.

24. The goal of a vision journey is for a human to get spiritual power to get hunting and warfare success.

25. A sweat lodge is a hut made of saplings and it represents the universe and the sweat gives purification.

26. Vision comes in the form of an animal, object, or a force nature. During these visions come a message which is told to a medicine man.

27. In the Blackfeet tribe, females would do the Sun Dance, but only if they had good moral character.

28. An axis mundi is a tree or mountain that can attach the heavens and the earth.

29. People who do the Sun Dance believe that their own bodies are the only thing that is true and they do body mutilation.

30. Aztec Traditions show the description of primal religion because they are high in a developed sense. The Aztecs like other religions have emphasize on relationships between rituals and myths.

31. The geographical area of Mesopotamia is made up of Mexico and extends to Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.

32. The Aztec god who made the world was Quetzalcoatl.

33. Quetzalcoatl is the god's earthly devoted one, who ruled as a priest-king. Questzalcoatl is important to Aztecs because they believed that he ruled over the golden age of Aztec brilliance.

34. The Aztecs called their time period Age of the Fifth Sun and they knew that their sun would soon be destroyed like the other prior.

35. The Aztecs understood the world as having four quadrants that led out from the center of the universe and it connected the earth worlds with the underworld.

36.  Aztecs regard to humans as a axis mundi, because the head and the heart are used as nourishment towards the sun and cosmos.

37. The "Knower of Things" could talk with the certain gods and made offerings through language which was another way of doing sacrifice.

38. The coincidence that led to the fall of Tenochtitlan was in 1519 when the Aztec king Quetzalcoatl was in need to return. The general of the Spanish came at the same time and the people thought he was a return of Quetzcoatl.

39. The day of the dead showed the surviving of Aztec religious culture because during the celebration the Aztecs would use time to perform similar rituals.

40. Three themes that are shared by the primal religions are boundaries with supernatural and human worlds, religion is encompassing, and primal religions are continuously changing.

Definitions

Taboo- A custom prohibiting or restricting a particular practice or forbidding association with a particular person, place, or thing.

Totem- A natural object or animal believed by a particular society to have spiritual significance and adopted by it as an emblem.

Trickster- A person who cheats or deceives people.

Vision quest - a rite of passage in some native american passages.

Divination-The practice of seeking knowledge of the future or the unknown by supernatural means.

Pantheism-  A doctrine that identifies God with the universe, or regards the universe as a manifestation of God.

Polytheism- The belief in or worship of more than one god.

Monotheism- The doctrine or belief that there is only one God.

Revelation- something in which such a divine disclosure is contained, such as the Bible.

Transcendence- a state of being or existence above and beyond the limits of material experience.

Empathy- The ability to understand and share the feelings of another.

Maya and Aztec Civilization

The Maya Civilization was located in Central America. Today Central America consist of Yucatan, Guatemala, Belize, and Southern Mexico.

The Maya believed that the Earth was flat and had four corners. Each corner had a color. The East was red, the North was white, the West was black, and the South was yellow. In the center of these corners was the color green. Some Maya believed that the sky was multi layered and that it was supported by the four gods of physical strength called the "Bacabs". While the other Maya believed that the sky was supported by four trees of different colors and species.

The main sacred symbol of the Maya were their hieroglyphics, which is their script. Hieroglyphics were carved into stone or bone. Sometimes they were painted on pottery. The hieroglyphics were on the topics of astronomy and religious views.

this is an example of Mayan hieroglyphics.



The Maya practiced human sacrifie. They believed that the cosmos had three major places. These places were the Earth, the underworld, and the heavens. These were considered the Maya sacred places. The Mayan gods had good and evil traits, but they were never permanent characteristics. All of the gods are changeable. Maya tradition is based on cycles not permanence.

The Maya had a variety of totems and they all represent something different. For example, the eagle totem represents a comtemplative thought. The Maya practice a sophisticated for of shamanism. The Shaman is healing by the blood of his arms and legs. A major taboo of the Maya was that marriage was arranged by the families.

The Aztec Civilization was located in Central Mexico. The Aztec Civilization is considered to be a horizon of a Mesoamerican civilization. Just as the Maya Cosmology, the Aztec believed that the cosmos had three major places the Earth, the underworld, and the heavens. After the death of an Aztec, their souls went to either the sun, the Mictlan, or the Tlalocan. Depending on how they died would determine where they would go.

The people of the Aztec Civilization use different methods to show their writings. Their mostr famous method was their ideograms. These ideograms were symbols that expressed what they were trying to say. The Aztec's most sacred sites were their temples. They were called Teocalli. They were sacred to them, because they were considered God houses.

There were less than 200 Aztec Gods. The Aztec Gods were divided into threee groups; they heaven; the rain, fertility abd agriculture; and the war and sacrifice. The Aztec used art to contribute to their Gods. Different forms of art was considered  praise to their gods.

Definitions for midterm

Introductory Unit
1. heart - the Locus (center) of the person, because it is only satisfied by satisfaction.
2. Desire - a strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen.
3. reality- the world or the state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of them.
4. 4 truths of the "I"- 1.I didn't make myself 2. We have desires that are unlimited. 3. We are limited, our abilities are limited. 4. We expect to be happy.
5. Ontology- the branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being.
6. Being- ontos or existence
7. Religious sense - is wrapped up in the unity of the human person, it cannot be disconnected like some mechanical component.

Anointing Of The Sick
8. Suffering- experience of something bad or unpleasant.
9. Who are the administers of the sacrament?- Bishop or priest.
10. Apocalyptic- resembling the end of the world.
11. apostolate- the position or authority of an Apostle or a religious leader.
12.  original sin - a consequence of the first sin, the hereditary stain with which we are born on account of our origin or descent from Adam.
13. theodicy- the vindication of divine goodness and providence in view of the existence of evil.
14. viaticum- the Eucharist as given to a person near or in danger of death.
15. Presbyters- an elder or minister of the Church.
16. Stations Of The Cross- a devotion consisting of prayers and meditations before each of the 14 crosses or images set up in a church or along a path commemorating the events of the Passion of Jesus.
17. Who can receive the sacrament? The anointing of the sick can be administered to a member of the faithful who, after having reached the use of reason, begins to be in danger due to sickness or old age.

Reconciliation
18. penance-  a Christian sacrament in which a member of the church confesses sins to a priest and is given absolution.
19. Confession-  a formal admission of one's sins with repentance and desire of absolution.
20. Forgiveness-  the action or process of forgiving or being forgiven.
21. Conversion-  the act or an instance of converting or the process of being converted.
22. Empathy-  the ability to understand and share the feelings of another.
23. Ten commandments-  the divine rules of conduct given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai.
24. Contrition-  the state of feeling remorseful and penitent.
25. Act of Contrition-   a penitential prayer.
26. Absolution- an ecclesiastical declaration of forgiveness of sins.
27. Sin- an immortal act considered to be a transgression against divine law.
28. Mortal Sin- a willful rejection of right relationship with God.
29. Venial Sin- a relatively slight sin that does not entail damnation of the soul.
30. Original Sin-  a consequence of the first sin, the hereditary stain with which we are born on account of our origin or descent from Adam.
31. personal sin- the free choice to disobey God.
32. Confession of sin -  the confession of a person's sins in a religious practice in a number of Christian traditions.
33. Restitution-  the restoration of something to its original state.
34. Concupiscence- a strong sexual desire; lust.
35. Fornication-   when two people not married to each other have sexual intercourse.
36. Excommunication-  officially excluding someone from participation of the sacraments and services of the Christian Church.
37. Apostasy- the abandonment or renunciation of a religious or political belief.
38. Heresy- belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious doctrine.
39. Schism -  a split or division between strongly opposed sections or parties, cause by differences in opinion or belief.

Matrimony
40. abortion- the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy.
41. Contraception-  the deliberate use of artificial methods or other techniques to prevent pregnancy as a consequence of sexual intercourse.
42. Sterilization-  to deprive a person of the ability to produce offspring.
43. Fidelity- sexual faithfulness to a spouse or a partner.
44. Divorce- a legal dissolution of a marriage by a court or their competent body.
45. Polygamy- the practice or custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time.
46. Adultery-  a voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and a person who is not his or her spouse.
47. Annulment- to declare a marriage to have had no legal existence.
48. Intimacy - close familiarity or friendship.
49. Grace-  a free favor of God.
50. Family- a group of people related to each other by blood or marriage.
51. Cohabitation- to live together and have a sexual relationship without being married.
52. Creation- the Act of God bringing to existence the universe.

Holy Orders
53. Diocese- a district under the pastoral care of a bishop in the Christian Church.
54. Vicar- a representative or deputy of a bishop.
55. infallibility- the doctrine that in specified circumstances the pope is incapable of error in pronouncing dogma.
56. Imprimatur- an official license by the Roman Catholic Church to print an ecclesiastical or religious book.
57. Parish- a small administrative district typically having its own Church and a priest or pastor.
58. Stole- a liturgical vestment composed of a strip of material, several inches wide, and worn around the neck by priests and bishops.
59. Dalmatic- a wide-sleeved, long, loose vestment open at the sides, worn by deacons and bishops, and by some other monarchs at their coronation.
60. Presbyters- an elder or minister of the Church.
61. Seminary- a college that prepares students to be priest, ministers, or rabbis.
62. Celibacy- abstaining from marriage and sexual relations.
63. Bishops- a senior member of the christian clergy, typically in charge of a diocese and empowered to confer holy orders.
64. Pope- the bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church.
65. Priest- an ordained minister of the church having the authority to perform certain rites and administer certain sacraments.
66. Deacon-  an ordained minister of an order ranking below that of priest.
67. Cardinal- a leading dignitary of the Roman Catholic Church.
68. Clergy- the body of all people ordained for religious duties.
69. Chasuble- a sleeveless outer vestment worn by a priest when celebrating mass.
70. Discern- perceive or recognize something.
71. Grace-  a free favor of God.

Baptism
72. Baptism- the religious rite of sprinkling water onto a person's forehead or of immerions in water, symbolizing purification or regeneration and admission to the Church.
73. Proper Matter- flowing water
74. Correct Words/Form- "I baptize you in the name of the father, and of the son, and of the Holy Spirit"with triple pour of water.
75. Designated minister- bishop priest or deacon. (in emergency anyone who intends to offer baptism)
76. RCIA- the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults. The process through which interested adults and older children are gradually introduced to the Roman Catholic faith and way of life.
77. Rite of Baptism of Children-  people did not want their children to want life... infant baptism became prevalent.
78. Water- the proper matter for Baptism.
79. White Garment- one of the three aspects of Baptism.
80.  Effects of Baptism- washes away original sin. Makes us children of God and temples of the Holy Spirit. Welcomes us forever as shares in the common priesthood of all believers, and in Christ's mission of Justice and peace.
81. Concupiscence- the tendency towards sin.
82. Catechumens- A Christian convert under instruction before Baptism.

Confirmation
83. Confirmation- the rite at which a baptized person is admitted as a full member of the Church.
84. Proper Matter- anointing with Chrism.
85. Correct Words/Form- "Be sealed with the gift of the Holy Spirit" with oil on the forhead in the sign of the cross.
86. Designated minister- bishop.
87. Seal- the obligation on a priest not to divulge anything said during confession.
88. Holy Spirit- the third person of the trinity; God as spiritually active in the World.
89. Fruits of the Holy Spirit- love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self control.
90. Gifts of the Holy Spirit-  understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety, fear of the Lord, and wisdom.
91. History-  Laying on of hands - ancient gesture used in confirmation that symbolizes the giving of the Father's own spirit to the recipient.
92. Age of Discretion- age seven to age sixteen.
93. Pentecost- birthday of the Church.
94. RCIA- the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults. The process through which interested adults and older children are gradually introduced to the Roman Catholic faith and way of life.
95. Chrismation-  a rite in the Orthodox and Easter Catholic Churches that is comparable and similar to confirmation in the roman catholic Church.
96. Why We confirm- Confirmation strengthens, intensifies, deepens and builds on the graces we were given at baptism.
97. Requirements for reception- be prepared to protest the faith, be in the state of grace, intend to receive the sacrament, and be prepared to witness to Jesus Christ.
98. Sponsor- is responsible for the candidates religious education.
99. community- a group of people having a religion in common.

Eucharist
100. Eucharist- the Christian ceremony commemorating the Last Supper, in which bread and wine are consecrated and consumed.
101. Transcendence- of God existing apart from and not subject to the limitations of the material universe.
102.  Source and Summit-  Eucharist is the source and summit of the Christian Life.
103. Consecration- to make bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ.
104.  Transubstantiation- the conversion of the substance of the Eucharistic elements into the body and blood of Christ; substance
105. Tabernacle- an ornamented receptacle or cabinet in which pyx or ciborium containing the reserved sacrament may be placed in Catholic Churches, usually above or on the altar.
106. Other Names for the Eucharist- Lord's Supper, Breaking the Bread, Eucharistic Assembly, Memorial, Holy Sacrifice, Holy and Divine Liturgy, Holy Communion, and Mass.
107. Proper Matter- wheat based bread and pure grape wine.
108. Correct words/form- "This is my body.... This is the chalice of my blood"
109. Designated Minister- Bishop or Priest.