1. Moksha is the Hindu term for liberation. It is the release of the self from the bondage of samsara; it's salvation in Hinduism and one of the four goals of life
2. The doctrine that says that reality is on is monism. The analogy that is used to understand it is with rivers ponds lakes and oceans.
3. Brahman is the essence of all things. Atman is the eternal self that is identified with Brahman in the Upanishads
4. The many deities serve to represent and extend from the one ultimate reality. The main function is to renounce the reincarnation.
5. Samsara is the wheel of reincarnation where rebirth occurs and keeps going until one reaches complete moksha
6. Bhagavad-Gita
7. Karma is the moral law and the cause and effect of actions and also determines how one is reincarnated. Dharma is the duty in each caste; one of the four goals of life.
8. Brahmin- priests
Kshatriyas- warriors and government officials
Vaishyas- producers like merchants, farmers
Shudras- servants and laborers
9. It is part of his dharma as a Kshatriya
10. 1. Time of puberty
2. Householder- pursuing a career and raising a family
3. Birth of 1st grandchild
4. Wandering Ascetic
11. Sensual pleasure- pursuit of love
Material success- pursuit of artha or social prestige
Harmony with dharma- to be fulfilled in ethical duties
Bliss of moksha- perfect dharma or infinite being
12. -Path of Works- those who engage in day to day tasks of earning a living and raising a family
-Path of knowledge- talent for philosophical reflection
-Path of devotion- those whom emotional attachment comes naturally
13. -Vedanta- all reality is essentially Brahman
-Sankhya- reality consists of matter and eternal selves
-Yoga- free the eternal self from the bondage of personhood
14. Shiva, Vishnu and Brama
15. An incarnation of a deity sent to earth to accomplish a divine purpose. Two avatars are Krishna and Rama
16. The Bhagavad-Gita
17. Household and village rituals, holy places, and cow veneration
18. He gained Indian independence from Britain and used civil disobedience against Indian oppression. He is revered to as a religious figure
19. Discrimination of castes were outlawed. It tried to promote economic and social rights for all people
20. The act of a widow killing herself and burning over her husband's dead body. This act is forbidden today
21. The Muslims forced the partitioning of India to form the divided Pakistan so that the Muslims may have a homeland. This turned into a bloody mess when crossing the borders on both sides
Friday, January 25, 2013
Thursday, January 24, 2013
Primal Religions Questions
1. Different religions are called to be primal, because they
existed before the formal religions. Primal religions have all
of the basic features that all the other religions have. They are
traditionally for non-literate people and are used with small amounts of people.
2. The Ancestors made forms of life and created the first humans, placing them into tribes and giving them certain languages and rules.
3. The spiritual essence of Ancestors is found within symbols that they left after they were gone.
4. A totem can symbolize a group and gives special significance to the religious group or an individual. Taboo is the prohibition of behaviors for fear of contact with spiritual powers in a dangerous manner.
5. The Aborigines rituals are essential in life, because its only through certain rituals where dreaming can be seen.
6. Rituals come from the Ancestors that created and formed the world while dreaming. Each ritual is a display of a myth of certain actions that happened during dreaming
7. Initiation rituals awaken the youth to spiritual things and give more identity to the tribe.
8. Two acts that come along with Dieri initiation ritual death are the two lower middle teeth are knocked out of the mouth and later buried in the ground and then they are circumcised.
9. The Yoruba live in western regions of Africa.
10. The Yoruba religion believe in the center of life, because they believe that the god first began in order to create the world in life.
11. Yoruba cosmological view of the world shows life being separated into two different worlds which is known as heaven and earth. Humans come from the gods.
12. Olorun is the ultimate god of Yoruba religion and is the original place where all power comes from.
13. Orishas are lower than the supreme Olorun but they can harm and help people depending on how a ritual is seen. Orishas are seen as a facilitator between Olorun and humans.
14. An Orisha and Yoruba believed that he created the earth. Another is Ogun who is the god of war.
15. A trickster figure is a supernatural being who tends to disrupt the normal course set of life.
16. Family ancestors gained supernatural recognition by earning a good reputation and living to an old age. Ancestors were usually worshipped by their own family.
17. Ritual practitioners are to mediate between the gods and ancestors in heaven and humans on earth.
18. Divination is the use of techniques for gaining knowledge about ones future or about the problem. Divination is important because knowing ones future is used to know how to go on with life.
19. Humans came from North America 20,000 years ago by migration from Asia to the Bering Strait.
20. Religions of the Indians is interest with native people, because religion represents Native American religion.
21. Wakan Tanka is the name for reality and is another word for sacred.
22. Inktomi is a spider. The Lakota trickster figure taught first people customs and ways of life.
23. The Lakota people believed strongly that when one person would die, one of the four souls goes on a journey along the Milky Way. The soul is then judged and it tells whether it will be an ancestor or a ghost on earth.
24. The goal of a vision journey is for a human to get spiritual power to get hunting and warfare success.
25. A sweat lodge is a hut made of saplings and it represents the universe and the sweat gives purification.
26. Vision comes in the form of an animal, object, or a force nature. During these visions come a message which is told to a medicine man.
27. In the Blackfeet tribe, females would do the Sun Dance, but only if they had good moral character.
28. An axis mundi is a tree or mountain that can attach the heavens and the earth.
29. People who do the Sun Dance believe that their own bodies are the only thing that is true and they do body mutilation.
30. Aztec Traditions show the description of primal religion because they are high in a developed sense. The Aztecs like other religions have emphasize on relationships between rituals and myths.
31. The geographical area of Mesopotamia is made up of Mexico and extends to Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.
32. The Aztec god who made the world was Quetzalcoatl.
33. Quetzalcoatl is the god's earthly devoted one, who ruled as a priest-king. Questzalcoatl is important to Aztecs because they believed that he ruled over the golden age of Aztec brilliance.
34. The Aztecs called their time period Age of the Fifth Sun and they knew that their sun would soon be destroyed like the other prior.
35. The Aztecs understood the world as having four quadrants that led out from the center of the universe and it connected the earth worlds with the underworld.
36. Aztecs regard to humans as a axis mundi, because the head and the heart are used as nourishment towards the sun and cosmos.
37. The "Knower of Things" could talk with the certain gods and made offerings through language which was another way of doing sacrifice.
38. The coincidence that led to the fall of Tenochtitlan was in 1519 when the Aztec king Quetzalcoatl was in need to return. The general of the Spanish came at the same time and the people thought he was a return of Quetzcoatl.
39. The day of the dead showed the surviving of Aztec religious culture because during the celebration the Aztecs would use time to perform similar rituals.
40. Three themes that are shared by the primal religions are boundaries with supernatural and human worlds, religion is encompassing, and primal religions are continuously changing.
2. The Ancestors made forms of life and created the first humans, placing them into tribes and giving them certain languages and rules.
3. The spiritual essence of Ancestors is found within symbols that they left after they were gone.
4. A totem can symbolize a group and gives special significance to the religious group or an individual. Taboo is the prohibition of behaviors for fear of contact with spiritual powers in a dangerous manner.
5. The Aborigines rituals are essential in life, because its only through certain rituals where dreaming can be seen.
6. Rituals come from the Ancestors that created and formed the world while dreaming. Each ritual is a display of a myth of certain actions that happened during dreaming
7. Initiation rituals awaken the youth to spiritual things and give more identity to the tribe.
8. Two acts that come along with Dieri initiation ritual death are the two lower middle teeth are knocked out of the mouth and later buried in the ground and then they are circumcised.
9. The Yoruba live in western regions of Africa.
10. The Yoruba religion believe in the center of life, because they believe that the god first began in order to create the world in life.
11. Yoruba cosmological view of the world shows life being separated into two different worlds which is known as heaven and earth. Humans come from the gods.
12. Olorun is the ultimate god of Yoruba religion and is the original place where all power comes from.
13. Orishas are lower than the supreme Olorun but they can harm and help people depending on how a ritual is seen. Orishas are seen as a facilitator between Olorun and humans.
14. An Orisha and Yoruba believed that he created the earth. Another is Ogun who is the god of war.
15. A trickster figure is a supernatural being who tends to disrupt the normal course set of life.
16. Family ancestors gained supernatural recognition by earning a good reputation and living to an old age. Ancestors were usually worshipped by their own family.
17. Ritual practitioners are to mediate between the gods and ancestors in heaven and humans on earth.
18. Divination is the use of techniques for gaining knowledge about ones future or about the problem. Divination is important because knowing ones future is used to know how to go on with life.
19. Humans came from North America 20,000 years ago by migration from Asia to the Bering Strait.
20. Religions of the Indians is interest with native people, because religion represents Native American religion.
21. Wakan Tanka is the name for reality and is another word for sacred.
22. Inktomi is a spider. The Lakota trickster figure taught first people customs and ways of life.
23. The Lakota people believed strongly that when one person would die, one of the four souls goes on a journey along the Milky Way. The soul is then judged and it tells whether it will be an ancestor or a ghost on earth.
24. The goal of a vision journey is for a human to get spiritual power to get hunting and warfare success.
25. A sweat lodge is a hut made of saplings and it represents the universe and the sweat gives purification.
26. Vision comes in the form of an animal, object, or a force nature. During these visions come a message which is told to a medicine man.
27. In the Blackfeet tribe, females would do the Sun Dance, but only if they had good moral character.
28. An axis mundi is a tree or mountain that can attach the heavens and the earth.
29. People who do the Sun Dance believe that their own bodies are the only thing that is true and they do body mutilation.
30. Aztec Traditions show the description of primal religion because they are high in a developed sense. The Aztecs like other religions have emphasize on relationships between rituals and myths.
31. The geographical area of Mesopotamia is made up of Mexico and extends to Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.
32. The Aztec god who made the world was Quetzalcoatl.
33. Quetzalcoatl is the god's earthly devoted one, who ruled as a priest-king. Questzalcoatl is important to Aztecs because they believed that he ruled over the golden age of Aztec brilliance.
34. The Aztecs called their time period Age of the Fifth Sun and they knew that their sun would soon be destroyed like the other prior.
35. The Aztecs understood the world as having four quadrants that led out from the center of the universe and it connected the earth worlds with the underworld.
36. Aztecs regard to humans as a axis mundi, because the head and the heart are used as nourishment towards the sun and cosmos.
37. The "Knower of Things" could talk with the certain gods and made offerings through language which was another way of doing sacrifice.
38. The coincidence that led to the fall of Tenochtitlan was in 1519 when the Aztec king Quetzalcoatl was in need to return. The general of the Spanish came at the same time and the people thought he was a return of Quetzcoatl.
39. The day of the dead showed the surviving of Aztec religious culture because during the celebration the Aztecs would use time to perform similar rituals.
40. Three themes that are shared by the primal religions are boundaries with supernatural and human worlds, religion is encompassing, and primal religions are continuously changing.
Friday, January 18, 2013
Definitions
Taboo- A custom prohibiting or restricting a particular practice or forbidding association with a particular person, place, or thing.
Totem- A natural object or animal believed by a particular society to have spiritual significance and adopted by it as an emblem.
Trickster- A person who cheats or deceives people.
Vision quest - a rite of passage in some native american passages.
Divination-The practice of seeking knowledge of the future or the unknown by supernatural means.
Pantheism- A doctrine that identifies God with the universe, or regards the universe as a manifestation of God.
Polytheism- The belief in or worship of more than one god.
Monotheism- The doctrine or belief that there is only one God.
Revelation- something in which such a divine disclosure is contained, such as the Bible.
Transcendence- a state of being or existence above and beyond the limits of material experience.
Empathy- The ability to understand and share the feelings of another.
Totem- A natural object or animal believed by a particular society to have spiritual significance and adopted by it as an emblem.
Trickster- A person who cheats or deceives people.
Vision quest - a rite of passage in some native american passages.
Divination-The practice of seeking knowledge of the future or the unknown by supernatural means.
Pantheism- A doctrine that identifies God with the universe, or regards the universe as a manifestation of God.
Polytheism- The belief in or worship of more than one god.
Monotheism- The doctrine or belief that there is only one God.
Revelation- something in which such a divine disclosure is contained, such as the Bible.
Transcendence- a state of being or existence above and beyond the limits of material experience.
Empathy- The ability to understand and share the feelings of another.
Maya and Aztec Civilization
The Maya Civilization was located in Central America. Today Central America consist of Yucatan, Guatemala, Belize, and Southern Mexico.
The Maya believed that the Earth was flat and had four corners. Each corner had a color. The East was red, the North was white, the West was black, and the South was yellow. In the center of these corners was the color green. Some Maya believed that the sky was multi layered and that it was supported by the four gods of physical strength called the "Bacabs". While the other Maya believed that the sky was supported by four trees of different colors and species.
The main sacred symbol of the Maya were their hieroglyphics, which is their script. Hieroglyphics were carved into stone or bone. Sometimes they were painted on pottery. The hieroglyphics were on the topics of astronomy and religious views.
The Maya had a variety of totems and they all represent something different. For example, the eagle totem represents a comtemplative thought. The Maya practice a sophisticated for of shamanism. The Shaman is healing by the blood of his arms and legs. A major taboo of the Maya was that marriage was arranged by the families.
The Aztec Civilization was located in Central Mexico. The Aztec Civilization is considered to be a horizon of a Mesoamerican civilization. Just as the Maya Cosmology, the Aztec believed that the cosmos had three major places the Earth, the underworld, and the heavens. After the death of an Aztec, their souls went to either the sun, the Mictlan, or the Tlalocan. Depending on how they died would determine where they would go.
The people of the Aztec Civilization use different methods to show their writings. Their mostr famous method was their ideograms. These ideograms were symbols that expressed what they were trying to say. The Aztec's most sacred sites were their temples. They were called Teocalli. They were sacred to them, because they were considered God houses.
There were less than 200 Aztec Gods. The Aztec Gods were divided into threee groups; they heaven; the rain, fertility abd agriculture; and the war and sacrifice. The Aztec used art to contribute to their Gods. Different forms of art was considered praise to their gods.
The main sacred symbol of the Maya were their hieroglyphics, which is their script. Hieroglyphics were carved into stone or bone. Sometimes they were painted on pottery. The hieroglyphics were on the topics of astronomy and religious views.
this is an example of Mayan hieroglyphics.
The Maya practiced human sacrifie. They believed that the cosmos had three major places. These places were the Earth, the underworld, and the heavens. These were considered the Maya sacred places. The Mayan gods had good and evil traits, but they were never permanent characteristics. All of the gods are changeable. Maya tradition is based on cycles not permanence. The Maya had a variety of totems and they all represent something different. For example, the eagle totem represents a comtemplative thought. The Maya practice a sophisticated for of shamanism. The Shaman is healing by the blood of his arms and legs. A major taboo of the Maya was that marriage was arranged by the families.
The people of the Aztec Civilization use different methods to show their writings. Their mostr famous method was their ideograms. These ideograms were symbols that expressed what they were trying to say. The Aztec's most sacred sites were their temples. They were called Teocalli. They were sacred to them, because they were considered God houses.
There were less than 200 Aztec Gods. The Aztec Gods were divided into threee groups; they heaven; the rain, fertility abd agriculture; and the war and sacrifice. The Aztec used art to contribute to their Gods. Different forms of art was considered praise to their gods.
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